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Monday, August 16, 2010

Fractals, Realities, Dimensional Walls.... + Cool Mind-Expanding Video on Civilizations




http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/08/superconductor-fractals/#ixzz0wLqgeWlr

Inexplicable Superconductor Fractals Hint at Higher Universal Laws

What seemed to be flaws in the structure of a mystery metal may have given physicists a glimpse into as-yet-undiscovered laws of the universe.
The qualities of a high-temperature superconductor — a compound in which electrons obey the spooky laws of quantum physics, and flow in perfect synchrony, without friction — appear linked to the fractal arrangements of seemingly random oxygen atoms.
Those atoms weren’t thought to matter, especially not in relation to the behavior of individual electrons, which exist at a scale thousands of times smaller. The findings, published Aug. 12 in Nature, are a physics equivalent of discovering a link between two utterly separate dimensions.
“We don’t know the theory for this,” said physicist Antonio Bianconi of Rome’s Sapienza University. “We just make the experimental observation that the two worlds seem to interfere.”
Unlike semiconductors, the metals on which modern electronics rely, superconductors allow electrons to pass through without resistance. Rather than bouncing haphazardly, the electrons’ movements are perfectly synchronized. They flow like a fluid, but without viscosity.
For most of the 20th century, this was possible only in certain extremely pure metals at temperatures approaching absolute zero, cold enough to quench all motion but that of quantum particles, which interact with each other in ways that defy the classic laws of space and time.
Then, in the mid-1980s, physicists Karl Muller and Johannes Bednorz discovered a class of ceramic compounds in which superconductivity was possible at much higher temperatures. The temperatures were still hundreds of degrees Fahrenheit below zero, but it wasn’t even thought possible.
Muller and Bednorz soon won a Nobel Prize, but subsequent decades and thousands of researchers have not yielded a theory of high-temperature superconductivity. “High temperatures should destroy the quantum phenomenon,” said Bianconi, who decided to investigate another odd property of these materials: They’re not quite regular. Oxygen atoms roam inside, and assume random positions as they freeze.
“Everyone was looking at these materials as ordered and homogeneous,” said Bianconi. That is not the case — but neither, he found, was the position of oxygen atoms truly random. Instead, they assumed complex geometries, possessing a fractal form: A small part of the pattern resembles a larger part, which in turn resembles a larger part, and so on.
“Such fractals are ubiquitous elsewhere in nature,” wrote Leiden University theoretical physicist Jan Zaanen in an accompanying commentary, but “it comes as a complete surprise that crystal defects can accomplish this feat.”
If what Zaanen described as “surprisingly beautiful” patterns were all Bianconi found, the results would have been striking enough. But they appear to have a function.
In Bianconi’s samples, larger fractals correlated with higher superconductivity temperatures. When the fractal disappeared at a distance of 180 micrometers, superconductivity appeared at 32 degrees Kelvin. When it vanished at 400 micrometers, conductivity went quantum at 42 degrees Kelvin.
At -384 degrees Fahrenheit, that’s still plenty cold, but it’s heading towards the truly high-temperature superconductivity that Bianconi describes as “the dream” of his field, making possible miniature supercomputers that run at everyday temperatures.
However, while the arrangement of oxygen atoms appears to influence the quantum behaviors of electrons, neither Bianconi nor Zaanen have any idea how that could be. That fractal arrangements are seen in so many other systems — from leaf patterns to stock market fluctuations to the frequency of earthquakes — suggests some sort of common underlying laws, but these remain speculative.
According to Zaanen, the closest mathematical description of superconductive behavior comes from something called “Anti de Sitter space / Conformal Field Theory correspondence,” a subset of string theory that attempts to describe the physics of black holes.
That’s a dramatic connection. But as Zaanen wrote, “This fractal defect structure is astonishing, and there is nothing in the textbooks even hinting at an explanation.”
Image: At left, the organization of oxygen atoms (blue dots) within the superconducting metal; at right, measurements of superconductivity temperature according to the distance (x- and y-axes) at which fractal organization was still evident./Nature.
See Also:
Citations: “Scale-free structural organization of oxygeninterstitials in La2CuO41+y.” By Michela Fratini, Nicola Poccia, Alessandro Ricci, Gaetano Campi, Manfred Burghammer, Gabriel Aeppli & Antonio Bianconi. Nature, Vol. 466 No. 7308, August 12, 2010.
“The benefit of fractal dirt.” By Jan Zaanen. Nature, Vol. 466 No. 7308, August 12, 2010.
Brandon Keim’s Twitter stream and reportorial outtakes; Wired Science on Twitter. Brandon is currently working on a book about ecological tipping points.

  • Posted by: JTumbo | 08/11/10 | 1:29 pm |
    “When the fractal disappeared at a distance of 180 micrometers, superconductivity appeared at 32 degrees Kelvin. When it vanished at 400 micrometers, conductivity went quantum at 42 degrees Kelvin.”
    When expressing a temperature in Kelvin, the word “degrees” should not be used. “…at 42 Kelvin.”
  • Posted by: morselli | 08/11/10 | 2:12 pm |
    Anti de Sitter space!?! DON’T MAKE ME LAUGH!
  • Posted by: Chad_Is_Rad | 08/11/10 | 2:29 pm |
    “That fractal arrangements are seen in so many other systems — from leaf patterns to stock market fluctuations to the frequency of earthquakes — suggests some sort of common underlying laws”
    – Very interesting! Is it just me, or does it sometimes feel we truly are just computer simulations? I’m a science enthusiast, not a scientist. And, I’m an atheist (not that it really matters). I only mention that because this comment would involve a “higher” power in that it would require a “coder/creator” …. although I wouldn’t put this being on a supernatural level, as that assumption is not needed. After reading the above, quoted phrase … I couldn’t help but think of the “Through the Wormhole” episode I watched a few weeks back. There was a scientist who truly believed we were all living in a simulation. One of his more intriguing points was how if we think about how everything in our universe breaks down into smaller and smaller particles if you keep looking closer and closer (similar to digital pixels.) Again, as an atheist, I’m often quite bored with the creation myths put forth by it’s followers. But, I must say that the “computer simulation” idea was the first one that made me ponder … maybe there is something beyond our notions of the natural. — Thoughts?
  • Posted by: technophile | 08/11/10 | 2:41 pm |
    chad, everything breaking down into smaller and smaller particles seems to me to be a refutation of the idea that we’re in a simulation. At some point we would reach the fundamental unit of computation and find that we can’t go any smaller.
    I think it is much more plausible that reality is just a fractal. Think about it: from a very simple mathematical function we can get all the complexity of the mandelbrot set, with fractal patterns repeated at every scale from the largest to the tiniest you care to look for. We observe the same thing in reality in the patterns, the elements, the chemicals, and the behaviours of materials and people. At the same time while we see an infinite variations on the basic pattern, the types of things we can experience are limited by the nature of the fractal.
    And, most importantly, a mathematical fractal exists without the necessity of having a man or god create it. It is a consequence of pure logic.
    If our reality is a mathematical fractal, then it shares those features.
  • Posted by: BigTuna | 08/11/10 | 3:03 pm |
    @Chad: I first heard of that theory about 8 years ago and it immediately struck a chord with me, being of similar mind and a computer programmer to boot. The popularity of games like Second Life and the Sims lead me to believe that it’s entirely possible that we’re an advanced simulation written by people who themselves could be a simulation, and so on.
    @technophile: I don’t see that as a refutation at all, as we’re perhaps on the brink of discovering that strings *are* the fundamental computational unit. If the theory holds true, the same energy construct can represent any of the subatomic particles simply by vibrating at a different frequency. Perhaps your fractal theory and the simulation theory are not as far apart as they first appear to be.
  • Posted by: Chad_Is_Rad | 08/11/10 | 3:05 pm |
    But wouldn’t existing within a fractal only put us in an infinite regression of explaining which part of it we experience, what’s outside the limits of our perception and how that relates to our known universe? Is this a theory that’s being explored? Another point the scientist made (one I glossed over because I didn’t quite get it) was that he showed how some of our interactions with matter will fluctuate based on how we are perceiving it. He did an experiment (much beyond my comprehension) but again brought in a basic analogy that it correlated with how we experience certain environments in a video game. Sometimes the backgrounds will render funny, slowly, or at different perspective points … much like the observation in his experiment. I think I’m butchering it, but I would try and google the episode if interested. It was quite fascinating and a perspective that I’ve never heard put forth before.
  • Posted by: Alimas | 08/11/10 | 3:06 pm |
    @technophile
    A fractal is exactly what our reality is.
    I can’t believe I never thought to describe it in that way, but that’s a perfect description.
    Thank you for that.
  • Posted by: thousandsun | 08/11/10 | 3:58 pm |
    Fun Fact: Almost all of the elements on the periodic table become superconducting when cooled to a sufficiently low enough temperature. Three elements which don’t become superconducting are copper, silver and gold which is interesting since they are some of the most conductive elements on the table.
  • Posted by: future2day | 08/11/10 | 5:01 pm |
    Stephen Wolfram, PhD, would be proud.
  • Posted by: technophile | 08/11/10 | 5:13 pm |
    Being an egotistical maniac, Stephen Wolfram, PhD, is already proud.
  • Posted by: rfrancis1980 | 08/11/10 | 5:25 pm |
    Fractals, schmactals. I bet graphene turns out to be the highest high temperature superconductor discovered when it’s all said and done and graphene is only a single layer of carbon atoms.
  • Posted by: curio50 | 08/11/10 | 5:25 pm |
    morselli – “don’t make me laugh?” I’m curious, would you mind elaborating?
  • Posted by: Someguywithakeyboard | 08/11/10 | 5:54 pm |
    I think I need to go read a story about Lindsay lohan so I can feel smart again.
  • Posted by: eddlemsg | 08/11/10 | 6:19 pm |
    Chad are you sure that you ought to be an atheist? If our universe exists as code within some super computer and we are running in a simulation then wouldn’t that mean the author of the code is our deity? I believe that the writer of the code would pretty much fill the definition of a supreme being and deity to us simulants, after all I guess the programmer could install a patch and remove you from the simulation. lol
  • Posted by: JohnStClair | 08/12/10 | 12:10 am |
    In the subspace tetrahedral manifold, where the tetrahedron is circumscribed by the sphere, the electron wavelength reflects off the sphere and returns as the electron mass. The electron then reflects off the dual Wheeler curvatures of space as well as the sphere, and returns as the proton mass which reflects off the sphere and returns as the proton wavelength. Thus the electron is the proton which makes the electric charge identical for each particle. Because the paths are in opposite directions, the electron and proton have opposite electric polarity. The reason we see two particles is that the single particle enters and leaves the Planck box in different locations. The Planck box is bounded by the Planck mass and the Planck wavelength. Here we are plotting the natural ln of mass against natural ln of wavelength. The swing has twice the radius of the rafter curvature in this diagram. So it is not surprising that the protons of the oxygen atoms are affecting the electrons because they are one and same particle. The diagram is interesting that a circle of proton wavelength, centered on the Planck mass at the base constant (h/c) is tangent to a line, at the Cabibbo angle of 12.7 degrees, that intersects the up quark mass at the down quark wavelength. Because Planck’s constant h is not a constant, it can be varied so that an object can go out of dimension, showing, as alluded to in the article, that there are hyperspace co-dimensions.
  • Posted by: fiction | 08/12/10 | 12:12 am |
    Awesome. Really exciting stuff. Now we just need to have a few other teams confirm this before we all blow our existential loads.
  • Posted by: motapilo | 08/12/10 | 8:07 am |
    If you want something that’s more real. How about that Asteroid with the size of Texas with a chance to hit earth on 2024?
  • Posted by: juliec | 08/12/10 | 10:01 am |
    Great story and great comments! I’ve always thought fractals are the physical representation of infinity – as it approaches zero (smaller than a quark) and as something that encompasses the Multiverse. It’s good to see that we have evidence of this phenomenon literally in our hands…and that it’s baffling our intelligentsia.
  • Posted by: Moonies | 08/12/10 | 2:18 pm |
    The universe…. a series of grooves…
  • Posted by: Mute_MonaRch | 08/12/10 | 4:30 pm |
    Thank you very much for this information.
    Good post thanks for sharin.
    I like this site ..
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  • Posted by: zeroexcelcior | 08/12/10 | 7:23 pm |
    @ Chad and BigTuna
    Perhaps the computers we make are just another iteration of the fractal.


Read More http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/08/superconductor-fractals/#ixzz0woi4HUrk




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